Research Focus
We're solving blockchain trilemmas
All blockchain solutions are designed with cryptographic and distributed computing primitives, but their designs vary in terms of speed, security, and decentralization. Most have had to face the trilemma of choosing a trade-off between these qualities. Our research team's core focus has been to devise protocols that resolve this trilemma once and for all. We're building solutions that harness better performance at lower costs with higher degrees of decentralization and security. That's the principal problem we're cracking at the cryptographic, protocol, and crypto-economic design level.
The tech behind Supra
Explore our solutions and how they apply with our growing series of Whitepapers.
The AutoFi Vision
Supra 2.0
Supra Research unveils its most ambitious vision yet: Automatic DeFi. This paper shows how Supra’s vertically integrated Layer-1—complete with native oracle feeds, deterministic on-chain automation, and seamless cross-chain messaging—turns every block into a self-governing financial engine. Discover core AutoFi primitives, our transparent auction revenue model, and the path to a living, reflexive capital system.
FIRST PUBLISHED: MAY, 2025
Oracle Protocol
Threshold AI Oracles
In this whitepaper, we show how just-in-time query triggers fire only when on-chain conditions demand, how decentralized committees of specialized AI agents deliberate in parallel to deliver bias-resistant insights, and how BLS threshold signatures bundle their verdicts into compact, verifiable proofs—unlocking fully autonomous, secure DeFi automation without any off-chain keepers.
FIRST PUBLISHED: MAY, 2025
SUPRATECH
Supra Overview Whitepaper
Supra Research has put out 10+ papers for a wide range of blockchain protocols so far, this overview master whitepaper showcases how it all comes together and works on Supra Layer 1. It takes you through our native oracle services, MultiVM capabilities, Supra Containers, novel Tribes and Clans network design, Moonshot Consensus, transaction flow, parallel execution strategies, and much more. Read the full paper for an end-to-end overview of Supra Layer 1.
FIRST PUBLISHED: November, 2024
Consensus Protocol
Moonshot Consensus Algorithm
Introducing Moonshot, a new family of high throughput, low latency blockchain-based SMR protocols characterized by Optimistic Proposal. We primarily cover Chained Moonshot, a variant of Moonshot that relies on vote broadcasting and QC Chaining.
In our experiments, Chained Moonshot produced 54.9% higher throughput and 41.1% lower latency than Jolteon, a state-of-the-art blockchain-based SMR protocol.
First Published: July 12, 2023
Multichain future
Supra IntraLayer
Supra IntraLayer is a comprehensive two-layer infrastructure for developers to create decentralized autonomous agents, comprised of a multipurpose decentralized network with native services as well as enshrined DeFi protocols. It facilitates trustless automation and provides comprehensive, seamless solutions for asset management and financial services throughout the digital finance landscape.
FIRST PUBLISHED: June, 2024
Appchain Model
Supra Containers
Presenting Supra Containers, a unique appchain model that creates flexible pockets of dedicated blockspace within Supra L1, reserved for current and future throughput needs of dApps. Containers gives builders a great deal of freedom and control to customize their gas fees, gas tokens, and governance. It lets them create appchain-like experiences at a fraction of the cost, with a much simpler setup process.
FIRST PUBLISHED: September, 2024
Oracle Protocol
Distributed Oracle Agreement (DORA)
Presenting our novel Distributed Oracle Agreement (DORA) protocol - a highly resilient and efficient oracle protocol.
In this paper, we describe how agreement distance allows us to redefine agreement among nodes and how leveraging State Machine Replication (SMR) allows us to tolerate Byzantine failures of up to 49% in our DORA protocol.
First Published: JANUARY 26, 2023
dVRF Protocol
Supra Distributed dVRF Service
Presenting Supra dVRF Service for generating verifiable random values in the Web3 ecosystem. We provide a smart-contract based flexible dVRF service framework, that is fully decentralized via a threshold cryptographic architecture.
It offers several new features - among them output-privacy, which enhances the utility of dVRF in the blockchain space and reduces the gas cost significantly.
First Published: January 26, 2023
Cross-chain Bridgeless Consensus
HyperNova Bridgeless Service
HyperNova is a trustless bridge design wherein the bridge nodes only act as relayers and NOT as validators of information so that the source and destination chain themselves validate the events from the other chain. This removal of the possibility of the corruption by the (middlemen) bridge nodes yields a higher level of security than of multi-sig bridges, of the level of source and destination chains.
FIRST PUBLISHED: October 27, 2023
The $SUPRA Token
Supra will be a cross-chain IntraLayer, enabling automation across Web2 and Web3 via secure and scalable smart contract interoperability — with the $SUPRA token harmonising incentives of all network participants.
In this document, we highlight Supra’s overarching vision and the expanded utility of the $SUPRA token.
Our research areas
We're working on multiple, interconnected areas.
Distributed protocols
- Consensus Protocol
- Reliable Transaction Dissemination
- Distributed Oracles
- Sharding
Cryptography
- On-chain Randomness
- Zero Knowledge
- Multi Party Computation
- Verifiable Computing
- Key Management & Recovery
DeFi / TradFi
- Tokenomics
- Crosschain DEX
- Market Makers
- Proof of Liquidity
- Bridges
Security
- Software Testing
- DevSecOps
- Internal Audits
- Crypto-economic Security
Parallel Execution
- Multi core execution
- Containers
- Access-Specification based execution
Programming Languages and Formal Methods
- Compilers
- Program Analysis
- Formal Verification of Distributed Protocols
- Theorem Proving
- Model Checking
Watch our research walkthroughs
SUPRA TECH
Supra Abstraction
Dr. Aniket Kate
An introduction to Supra's research breakthroughs in blockchain protocol designs with a quick overview by Dr. Aniket Kate, our Chief Research Officer and research team lead.
Video length: 9mins
Oracles
Distributed Oracle Agreements (DORA)
Dr. Saurabh Joshi
In this video, Dr. Saurabh Joshi describes how agreement distance allows us to redefine agreement among nodes and how leveraging State Machine Replication (SMR) allows us to tolerate Byzantine failures of up to 49% in our DORA protocol.
Video length: 24mins
dVRF Protocols
Supra Distributed dVRF
Dr. Pratyay Mukherjee
Dr. Pratyay walks us through a smart-contract based flexible dVRF service framework, that is fully decentralized via a threshold cryptographic architecture.
It offers several new features - among them output-privacy, which enhances the utility of dVRF in the blockchain space and reduces the gas cost significantly.
Video length: 18mins
Consensus Protocol
Moonshot Consensus
Dr. Raghavendra Ramesh
Isaac Doidge
In this video, we introduce the Moonshot Consensus protocol, a new family of high throughput, low latency blockchain-based SMR protocols characterized by Optimistic Proposal.
Video length: 20mins
Publication library
Read selected works by Supra's world class researchers to learn more about what makes our team tick.
SUPRATECH |Publication
Hydrangea++: Enhancing Hydrangea with Optimistic Proposals
Nibesh Shrestha and Aniket Kate
FIRST PUBLISHED: November 2025 |https://supra.com/documents/hydrangea-plus-plus.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Blockchain Transaction Conflicts: A Historical Perspective
Parwat Singh Anjana, Srivatsan Ravi
FIRST PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY 24, 2025 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.05358
SUPRATECH |Publication
Efficient Parallel Execution of Blockchain Transactions Leveraging Conflict Specifications
Parwat Singh Anjana, Srivatsan Ravi, Raghavendra Ramesh, Joshua Tobkin, Rohit Kapoor, Matin Amini, and Rahul Parmar
ACM Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT’25)
FIRST PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY 24, 2025 |https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/00lipics/lipics-vol354-aft2025/LIPIcs.AFT.2025.29/LIPIcs.AFT.2025.29.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Block Transactional Memory: A Complexity Study
Parwat Singh Anjana, Srivatsan Ravi
The 27th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems
FIRST PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY 24, 2025 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-Block_Parallelization_Lower_Bound-Whitepaper.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Towards Improving Throughput and Scalability of DAG-based BFT SMR
Nibesh Shrestha and Aniket Kate
European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys) 2026
LATEST VERSION: May 19, 2025 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/877.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Hydrangea:Optimistic Two-Round Partial Synchrony
Nibesh Shrestha, Aniket Kate, and Kartik Nayak
LATEST VERSION: JULY 10, 2025 |https://eprint.iacr.org/archive/2025/1112/1752115676.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Fused Token Offering (FTO)
Arman Abgaryan, Utkarsh Sharma and Joshua Tobkin
FIRST PUBLISHED: JUNE 2025 |https://supra.com/documents/fused-token-offering.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Optimistic, Signature-Free Reliable Broadcast and Its Applications
Nibesh Shrestha, Qianyu Yu , Aniket Kate, Giuliano Losa , Kartik Nayak and Xuechao Wang
32nd ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2025
LATEST VERSION: May 2025 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.02761
SUPRATECH |Preprint
InstaRand: Instantly Available and Instantly Verifiable On-chain Randomness
Jacob Gorman, Lucjan Hanzlik, Aniket Kate, Pratyay Mukherjee, Pratik Sarkar and Sri Aravinda Krishnan Thyagarajan
LATEST VERSION: May 19, 2025 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/896.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Which Signature Scheme to Pick for Your Distributed Protocol?
Aniket Kate, Pratyay Mukherjee, Hamza Saleem, Nibesh Shrestha
LATEST VERSION: April 2025 |https://supra.com/documents/SupraTech-Signature-Benchmarking.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Dyna-hinTS: Silent Threshold Signatures for Dynamic Committees
Aniket Kate, Pratyay Mukherjee, Samipa Samanta, Pratik Sarkar
7th Crypto Valley Conference, 2025
FIRST PUBLISHED: APRIL 07, 2025 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/631.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Access Specification Aware Software Transactional Memory Techniques for Efficient Execution of Blockchain Transactions
Parwat Singh Anjana, Srivatsan Ravi, Raghavendra Ramesh, Joshua Tobkin, Rohit Kapoor, and Rahul Parmar
FIRST PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY 24, 2025 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.03203
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Auto-Balancer: Harnessing idle network resources for enhanced market stability
Arman Abgaryan, Utkarsh Sharma
FIRST PUBLISHED: January, 2025 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.20670
SUPRATECH |Preprint
KeyClub and RandRec: Two New Social Key Recovery Schemes
Aniket Kate, Pratyay Mukherjee, Pratik Sarkar, Bhaskar Roberts, Hamza Saleem
FIRST PUBLISHED: Sept 27, 2024 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-Key-Recovery.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Supra Containers as App-Chains for Efficient Parallel Execution of Transactions
Raghavendra Ramesh, Joshua Tobkin, Parwat Singh Anjana and Saurabh Joshi
FIRST PUBLISHED: JULY 10, 2024 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-Containers-Whitepaper.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
VRaaS: Verifiable Randomness as a Service on Blockchains.
Jacob Gorman, Lucjan Hanzlik, Aniket Kate, Easwar Vivek Mangipudi, Pratyay Mukherjee, Pratik Sarkar and Sri Aravinda Krishnan Thyagarajan
38th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, 2025
FIRST PUBLISHED: JUNE 14, 2024 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/957
SUPRATECH |Preprint
IntraLayer: A Platform of Digital Finance Platforms
Arman Abgaryan, Utkarsh Sharma
FIRST PUBLISHED: June, 2024 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.07348
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Sailfish: Towards Improving the Latency of DAG-based BFT
Nibesh Shrestha, Aniket Kate, Rohan Shrothrium and Kartik Nayak
46th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2025
FIRST PUBLISHED: MAY 2, 2024 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/472.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Formally Verifying the Safety of Pipelined Moonshot Consensus Protocol
Raghavendra Ramesh, Praveen Manjunatha and Isaac Doidge
FIRST PUBLISHED: March 25, 2024 |https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.FMBC.2024.3
SUPRATECH |Preprint
HyperLoop: Rationally Secure Cross-chain Bridge
Easwar V. Mangipudi, Joshua Tobkin and Raghavendra Ramesh
FIRST PUBLISHED: December 8, 2023 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-Hyperloop-Whitepaper.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Proof of Efficient Liquidity: A Staking Mechanism for Capital Efficient Liquidity
Arman Abgaryan, Utkarsh Sharma and Joshua Tobkin
FIRST PUBLISHED: October 28, 2023 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.04521.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
HyperNova Bridgeless Service
Raghavendra Ramesh and Aniket Kate
FIRST PUBLISHED: October 27, 2023 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-HyperNova-Whitepaper.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
FlexiRand: Output Private (Distributed) VRFs and Application to Blockchains
Aniket Kate, Pratyay Mukherjee, Easwar V. Mangipudi and Siva Maradana
30th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2023
LATEST VERSION: JULY 28, 2023 |https://supra.com/documents/Supra-FlexiRand-PVRF.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Moonshot: Optimistic Proposal for Blockchain-Based State Machine Replication
Isaac Doidge, Raghavendra Ramesh, Joshua Tobkin and Nibesh Shrestha
54th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2024
LATEST VERSION: JULY 12, 2023 |https://supra.com/documents/Moonshot-Whitepaper.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
Non-interactive VSS using Class Groups and Application to DKG
Aniket Kate, Easwar Vivek Mangipudi, Pratyay Mukherjee, Hamza Saleem, Sri Aravinda Krishnan Thyagarajan
31th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2024
LATEST VERSION: MAY 24, 2022 |https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/451.pdf
SUPRATECH |Publication
DORA: Distributed Oracle Agreement with Simple Majority
Saurabh Joshi, Aniket Kate, Joshua Tobkin and David Yang
43rd IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2023
LATEST VERSION: MAY 12, 2023 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.03903.pdf
SUPRATECH |Preprint
Dynamic Function Market Maker
Arman Abgaryan and Utkarsh Sharma
LATEST VERSION: FEBRUARY 25, 2023 |https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.13624